@article{uneatlantico15304,
           month = {Octubre},
          volume = {16},
           pages = {3905},
          author = {Vicente Bayarri Cay{\'o}n and Alfredo Prada and Francisco Garc{\'i}a and Carmen De Las Heras and Pilar Fat{\'a}s},
          number = {20},
            year = {2024},
           title = {Tracking Moisture Dynamics in a Karst Rock Formation Combining Multi-Frequency 3D GPR Data: A Strategy for Protecting the Polychrome Hall Paintings in Altamira Cave},
         journal = {Remote Sensing},
        abstract = {This study addresses the features of the internal structure of the geological layers adjacent to the Polychrome Hall ceiling of the Cave of Altamira (Spain) and their link to the distribution of moisture and geological discontinuities mainly as fractures, joints, bedding planes and detachments, using 3D Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) mapping. In this research, 3D GPR data were collected with 300 MHz, 800 MHz and 1.6 GHz center frequency antennas. The data recorded with these three frequency antennas were combined to further our understanding of the layout of geological discontinuities and how they link to the moisture or water inputs that infiltrate and reach the ceiling surface where the rock art of the Polychrome Hall is located. The same 1 {$\times$} 1 m2 area was adopted for 3D data acquisition with the three antennas, obtaining 3D isosurface (isoattribute-surface) images of internal distribution of moisture and structural features of the Polychrome Hall ceiling. The results derived from this study reveal significant insights into the overlying karst strata of Polychrome Hall, particularly the interface between the Polychrome Layer and the underlying Dolomitic Layer. The results show moisture patterns associated with geological features such as fractures, joints, detachments of strata and microcatchments, elucidating the mechanisms driving capillary rise and water infiltration coming from higher altitudes. The study primarily identifies areas of increased moisture content, correlating with earlier observations and enhancing our understanding of water infiltration patterns. This underscores the utility of 3D GPR as an essential tool for informing and putting conservation measures into practice. By delineating subsurface structures and moisture dynamics, this research contributes to a deeper analysis of the deterioration processes directly associated with the infiltration water both in this ceiling and in the rest of the Cave of Altamira, providing information to determine its future geological and hydrogeological evolution.},
             url = {http://repositorio.uneatlantico.es/id/eprint/15304/},
        keywords = {moisture mapping; Ground Penetrating Radar; 3D modeling; preventive conservation; capillary rise; stratigraphic interpretation; rock art; geomatics}
}